Coastal Management - Geographical Process

One of the main geographical processes/cycles involved in Coastal Management are attrition, abrasion, hydraulic action, corrosion and erosion. These weather down the coasts of countries, especially ones like Australia and cause sand to be removed from beaches and for Governments to have to implement various methods in order to replace the missing or excess product. Such products can include sand, offshore material (wood etc). To keep the coast clean and accessible to the public, the local or state Government would have to block materials like driftwood or other objects to allow these coastal areas to remain open.

US Military Access

What are the US and Australian military forces agreeing to currently? What the specific implications of this agreement?
Australia and the US are signing an agreement to allow for the United States Military forces to have greater access to Australian bases

What is the name of the summit where Australia's Defense Minister and the US's Secretary of Defense will meet?
AUSMIN

Which country is the US specifically reacting to?
The increasing military power of China

What are the US planners looking to achieve with this agreement regarding troop movement?
The US are attempting to break the Asia-Pacific into more regions so it is easier for the US Military to maintain global peace and also to defend Australia

What are other key areas of discussion at the summit?
Joint Strike Fighter Projects where Australian bombers and jets will be replaced by hundreds of American ones to increase the effectiveness of the Australian Air Force

What does this agreement mean for Australia's future in the Regional and Global context?
Australia now has more protection from the USA and is also able to be noticed as a closer ally to the US. It also means Australia troops can more easily defend or attack from their home bases with more effective weapons.

Mapping Skills

Source A-C
What is the predicted population growth rate in 2030?
.75%
What is the predicted population change in 2030?
60 Million People
What region of the world is predicted to have the greatest gross increase in percentage between 1800 and 2050?
Asia

Source D
How many males and females are there in Ethiopia for the age range 60-64 in the year 2000?
2.1 Million
How many males and females are there in Italy for the age range 60-64 in the year 2000?
3.8 Million
Why do you think that there is such a difference between these two countries?
There is more health care and the ability to allow for more people to survive for longer in Italy as there are better conditions for living

Source E
What is located at GR831979?
Dicks Hill
What is the highest point at AR7997?
Camden Haven Rotary Park
What is the contour interval for the map?
10 Metres
What physical feature is located at GR820975?
West Swamp
Approximately how far is the Laurieton Sporting Complex from Hanleys Point on the Camden Haven Inlet?
1km 100 Metres
Give the GR for the North Haven Public School.
830002
What is the highest point at Camden Head? Give the height and GR.
GR846993 and Height 20m

Go Back to Where You Came From

• What is your initial reaction to the show?
  I felt that the show was a good idea and was realistic because Doctor Corlett was able to take the participants passports and phones so that their situation would be more like a refugees. I didn't like many of the reactions of the participants with exception of Glenny who likes refugees and even houses them for a little while. The show however did not allow for total realism as they still had more support than the original refugees
  

• What percentage of immigrants are refugees?
  1.5%
  
  
• Why does such a small number of people make for such a big deal both politically and in the media? (Give your opinion)
  People that argue through the media can spread the word through to all members of our country aswell as the government. They argue because the refugees would usually take an extremely risky trip to arrive into Australia. They think about how it isn't fair for refugees to be able to make their way into Australia and get a 'free ride' into education and a job which they haven't earned.
  

• Where does Australia rank among countries accepting refugees?
  18th in the world
  
• To what extent do we have an obligation to help other people suffering in the world? (your opinion)
  The most we can do is allow a limited number of refugees into the country to stop their suffering but we can, by force or not also attempt to stop suffering and wars occurring so that we can stop their pain allow them to be safe.
  

• How much extra support do refugees receive in comparison to other Australian citizens?
  Refugees have the same extra support as regular Australian citizens without exception
  
• How many Asian nations have signed the UN Refugee Convention?
  11
  
• Why is it important to note that Malaysia has not signed the UN Refugee Convention? What does this mean for refugees in Malaysia?
  This means that refugees that have arrived in Malaysia will have to face extremely poor conditions and will not be treated well by anybody. This is important to note as there may be a investigation to the health of refugees in Malaysia because they have not signed the convention
  

Trade: ASEAN

1. What is the goal of this ASEAN meeting?
   ASEAN countries are drawing plans to help countries identify commitments that will deliver the best results toward integration. They also want to create reforms on trade, transport services and investment facilitation.
   
2. What is ERIA? What do they intend to do?
   Economic Research Institute for Asean intends to draw up a scorecard to review all plans for the AEC to help deliver the best results to integration
   
3. What is AEC? What do they intend to do?
   Asean Economic Community intends to help identify commitments that will deliver the best results toward integration. They also want to help ASEAN countries to help integrate with each other when it comes to economic matters
   
4. What are the three key areas of focus?
   Transport, trade and investment
   
5. How often does this group plan to meet?
   Once a year
   
6. What do they intend to keep in their "knowledge bank"?
   The knowledge bank is intending to keep information on possible tools members can use to pursue effective reforms and also a data bank of all regulatory reforms ASEAN members have made."
7. Who was the chairman of the meeting? What is his title? What is the population and GDP of his country? How does it compare to Australia?
   Dato Lim Jock Hoi, Brunei Ministry of Foreign Affairs permanent secretary. The population of Brunei (country) is almost 400,000 people and the GDP is $48 dollars. They have a much smaller population to ours and therefore had a larger GDP compared to Australia. This means the average person is richer in Brunei compared to Australia
   
8. What do you think that economic integration means?
   Economic integration is different countries know how to control and create different reforms
   
9. Do you think that this is good or bad for Australia?
   This is neither for Australia as the country has perfectly good reforms already
   

US/Australia Alliance

1. Who is Steven Smith and what important role does he play for the Australian Government?
   Steven Smith is the Australian Minister of Defense. He controls the Department of Defense and the Australian Defense Force.
   
2. What is the Brookings Institution where Mr. Smith delivered his speech?
   It is a non-profit public policy organization which allows speakers to talk to an audience
   
3. What role does the Australia/US Alliance play in Australia's 'strategic and security arrangements'?
   Australia/US alliance allows our safety within the Asia-Pacific region as the US has sighted their location within Asia-Pacific as priority and as a strategic location against China if they become aggressive.
   
4. What is important about Australia's global location for this alliance?
   Our location provides a easy US stronghold as Asia has obviously become a center of economic/political and military positions.
   
5. What contributions has Australia made to this alliance for the last 50 years?
   Australia has hosted or co-hosted key US national security measures throughout their sensitive/critical strategic locations. "These include systems related to intelligence collection, ballistic-missile early warning, submarine communications, and satellite-based communications."
6. What did the minister say about the Australian companies who do business with the US?
   Our companies regularly do business with the US which includes high wages and also benefits our economy. We are an indispensable ally to the US with our strong economy and strategic location.
   
7. Why does the minister point out this information about this company? What does it highlight about the relationship between Australia and the US?
   The minister said,"We are not a consumer of US security who imposes tough choices on the US military and US public policy. We value-add, and we do so from a vantage point of respect, not dependency." This implies that we are a strong ally and don't ask or take much in return for the US's help
   
8. What is the country central to Australia's relationships in the region?
   China is the central country
   
9. What is Australia trying to foster with this country?
   Australia is trying to foster a peaceful nature for China to evolve in so that it does not become excessively aggressive when it becomes a even larger superpower
   
10. Why do you think that this is important to Australia?
    It maintains our safety in the region as we are close to China and can be attacked at any time without warning. It also keeps us aware of possible attacks or threats in the region.
    

1. What is the US planning on locating in Australia? Where? Why?
   US is planning to put their military hardware and personnel within Australia, especially in Woomera. This is to place troops and allow them to train in Australian training camps such as Shoalwater Bay.
   
2. What implications does this have on the coordination between Australian and American forces?
   It can allow the coordination of US/Australian forces within the Asia-Pacific region aswell as the possibility of further Aid to countries affected by natural disasters. It also allows for the technological advancements in our sometimes troubled navy, especially underwater.
   

Australian Immigration

1) Define Asylum Seeker - An asylum seeker is a person who has fled their own country and applies to the government of another country for protection as a refugee.
2) An asylum seeker would leave their country because of circumstances such as war, political opinion, social group, religion, nationality or other factors that could seriously affect their lives as they would be persecuted
3) Asylum Seekers will be accepted when it is understood that they do need a Visa and need resettlement because they can't return to their country for a valid reason. Or a Human Rights Program Visa is given because of the amount of discrimination in a country
4) Most Asylum Seekers are coming from Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Iran and poorer countries such as Rwanda (Africa).

Video Questions:
1) The deal between Australia and Malaysia are that Australia will send 800 Asylum Seekers in return for a legitimate 4000 refugees whose cases have all been checked for approval into Australia
2) The Asylum Seekers will be treated dignity and respect and have their rights protected, Australia will cover the cost of health expenses and education. This means they can't use public hospitals and schools but have their needs covered. They will have the right to be employed and have a job and earn a living.
3) Malaysia usually punishes Asylum Seekers quite harshly (e.g. caning) sometimes even without the government knowing and then either lock them up and used as forced labor, or send them back to their home country.
4) Children will be sent to Malaysia with special privileges such as extra food and health coverage with the consideration of special cases
5) The 500 people will have their claims processed in Australia before either being sent back to their home country, locked up at a detention center or sent to Malaysia.
6) Australia cannot ensure the rights and protection of those Asylum Seekers being sent to Malaysia and the rumor's of the court challenging the rights and the morals of this swap as it is dangerous in regards to the Asylum Seekers not being treated well enough.
7) The goal of this swap program is to improve the relations between Australia and the UN (indirectly) and also to try and deter Asylum Seekers from trying to coming to Australia so often (boat people) since they may not have the special requirements for them to be accepted as refugees
8) I think it will work because it has a pronoun effect on the world and it will tell other future Asylum Seekers that Australia is cracking down on the amount of people accepted because of the high standards. It depends on how well the first deportation works and that we have a PM that doesn't like Boat People at all

Tuesday Period 4 Questions - North Korea

1) Kevin Rudd, former Australian prime minister now has the title of foreign minister
2) Kevin Rudd's concern is the Taepodong-2 Long Range missile being built in North Korea which presents a great threat to the nearby global community. His other concerns are that North Korea is deluding itself into thinking that other countries have been trying successfully to destabilize the country.
3) Kevin Rudd as Australia's representative was present at the ASEAN forum
4) Recently, North Korea has shelled South Korean homes over the border, torpedoed a South Korean frigate and defied two United Nations security council resolutions by continuing their enriched uranium program which is the creation of the Taepodong - 2 Long Range nuclear missile. They also believe that other countries have been sabotaging the stability of the country.
5) The direct threat, being the Taepodong - 2 Missile, is a problem for Australia as it presents a security issue as a missile that could easily level an entire city, with such large amounts of funds and technology being put into the building of the missile, which has taken over a decade, and still is not complete.
6) By calling out the North Korean counterpart, Mr Pak, in public, he aims to stabilize diplomatic relations between other ASEAN countries to warn them of the obvious North Korean aggression and its threat towards other countries. It affects Australia's relationship with North Korea in a negative way but improves the relationship with other countries as it represents Australia being a security force and trying to maintain peace. Australia's role is to maintain the peace and try to ensure no war breaks out.
7) Australia plays a big role in international relations especially with the ASEAN members and the United States as it has a good enough army to be able to maintain some peace around the world. I also think that Australia is trying to impress the USA for diplomatic reasons to ensure our safety.

Foreign Aid Review

• By 2015 Australia will be spending 8 billion dollars on foreign aid
  
• Rich countries around the world are leaning towards the trend of spending money on helping poorer or third world countries
• The amount of money spent on foreign aid is being doubled roughly every 5 years
• Nobody knows why countries are spending so much on foreign aid whether its a cause of good morals or if the money is actually being wasted as it isn't allocated correctly
• A billion people around the world are living on $1.25 US or less
• Only 7% of Australian foreign aid goes to correct allocation (natural disasters etc)
  
• Poverty is being overcome, from 54% of the world in 1981 to 25% in 2005. This will be furthered cut down in 2015 to only 15% of the world living in poverty
• Since 1990, China has stopped half a billion people from living in poverty
• Australia spends the most amount of its foreign aid money on Papua New Guinea
• If poverty is being overcome so quickly, why are countries like Australia spending more and more on foreign aid
• Poverty is being overcome by economic growth, not foreign aid
• Many Australians and Americans are attached to the idea that poorer countries like Indonesia are to poor to sustain themselves
  
• A vast majority of the Western world are in deep denial about third world or poor countries becoming economically stronger
  
• Charity is an assertion of power
• Indonesia's GDP is now significantly higher than Australia's
• Many current or former powerful countries are now becoming more even with rapidly developing countries
• Poor countries development depend on social and political circumstances to grow so as they become better, their economy becomes stronger
• Many acts of charity are actually racist, e.g. Howard's plan to develop non-Islamic schools in Indonesia to combat the fear of terrorism

Personally, I think Australia is giving more foreign aid as an act of good intention not to assert their power. For example Australia was extremely quick to lend aid to Indonesia after the tsunami that occurred in 2004 to try and help the lives of many people. On the other hand, acts of power such as John Howard's plan to build non-Islamic schools in Indonesia to prevent terrorism as it is an obvious act of asserting Australia's power to try and protect 'ourselves'. Australia needs to spend more money on its own infrastructure rather than giving handouts on other countries as our government tries to improve relations between us and other countries aswell as trying to impress the U.S.A. The benefits of increasing poverty are only improving relations between us and other countries

Mapping

1) The high pressure systems will stop rain and maintain sunny/cloudy weather whilst moving south-west
2) Sydney - 1024, 1020, 1016, 1016
Adelaide - 1030, 1027, 1020, 1020
Brisbane - 1020, 1020, 1016, 1017
Hobart - 1024, 1027, 1016, 1024
Darwin - 1012, 1012, 1012, 1008
Perth - 1024, 1024, 1024, 1016
Canberra - 1024, 1027, 1016, 1016
Melbourne - 1026, 1027, 1018, 1018
1) The contour interval is 6 metres or 20 feet
2) 2cm = 1 mile or 2cm = 1.6 kilometers
3) Line = 3200 metres , 36m/3200
Gradient = .01125 metres

Urban Sprawl or Consolidation: Jordan Springs

1) This is an example of Urban Sprawl because its the expansion of borders and a new suburb near Penrith as it isn't the renovation/renewal of a existing suburb/city but a enlargement of living space for people to become residents of.
2) I think the construction of the town Jordan Springs is actually has a negative effect on the surrounding community for a number of reasons. For example, some people, especially some Aborigine Tribes have complained that their heritage land is being stripped from them forcefully and impacting on their own living space that they have held for thousands of years. Other people have complained because it is depleting the natural beauty of the original woodland and lakes with the building of a town to create a funner 'community' aswell as more jobs and living space. There would be long term advantages in maintaining and preserving the Cumberland Plain Woodland that is the main focal opinion of many people. The creation of Jordan Springs also destroys habitats of animals, this point has probably not even been considered by the government and the removal of these habitats may cause a sudden drop in the population of certain species. For Sydney, the only advantage is that it would create more living space for people. The main disadvantage is the non-conservation of the woodland because if you kept the trees rather than remove them, you would allow CO2 levels to stay lower, rather than increase as there are less trees and more emission creating buildings and vehicles. For Australia, Jordan Springs can also be used as a center for asylum seekers or new (legal) residents rather than having to create more houses in already populated areas. There are many disadvantages such as the rise in pollution levels which Australia doesn't need. Also there is the serious possibility of nobody wanting to move in to Jordan Springs with only temporary jobs in construction and no definite jobs in any other service.

Urban Planning and Development Page 213

1) Urban Sprawl is the spreading outwards of a city and its suburbs to its outskirts to low-density, auto-dependent development on rural land, with associated design features that encourage car dependency.
2) Urban Consolidation is the increase of dwelling densities within established areas over and above that which is already there through infill or redevelopment of existing buildings.
3) A highly urbanized country means its has a high population density, a high proportion of the population working in manufacturing and/or professional or service-related industries. High urbanized countries are also centres of business, trade, tourism, entertainment and finance.
4) The statistics that suggest Australia is high urbanized are that it has over 65% of its population in its capital cities, the availability of flat land and coastal locations are encouraging people to move into those capital cities. The United Nations has also successfully estimated that 92% of Australians live in an urbanized area.
5) The fact that each capital cities location are linked to coastal locations, historical values, transport advantages and a favorable climate aswell as availability of flat ground for building development
6) Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume. It is frequently applied to living organisms, and particularly to humans. This is related to urban sprawl as the larger a population is, the more suburbs are created in a city to expand outwards to fit the amount of people in comfortably. The problem with this is the cost of infrastructure and supplies needed to build these new areas and the removal of nature.
7) Australian cities have very low population density in comparison to other cities such as Mumbai and Cairo. There has been a recent shift in Australians wanting to live in small houses and apartments rather than in detached houses. Unlike other countries, Australia's available land to be expanded upon, its quite large compared to London or Paris.
8) Urban consolidation is able to provide a new suburb with the latest technology and equipment needed to allow its population to live comfortably aswell as not having to expand so quickly outwards. The main factor of urban consolidation over urban sprawl is that it allows the population to use features such as public transport, electricity and water supplies can be used more intensely
9) Urban planners have managed to innovate new designs for apartments and new estates to manage the problem of population growth in cities. They have been able to create apartments and estates that are smaller but more comfortable for the person/people living inside.
10A) Melbourne
B) It is measured in the number of people living per square kilometre
C) Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Wollongong, Perth, Gold Coast, Newcastle, Canberra, Gosford and Brisbane
D) 80% of Australia's largest 10 cities have more than 1000 people living in a square kilometre
11) Some of the opinions of the detached housing residents would be that the construction of apartments takes too long or that its prices make a suburbs total value decrease. The impacts would be that current residents would be disturbed be construction workers, sound(s) and possible obstructions and time delays on roads and transport.
12) The advantages of living in a detached estate would be that you can choose more specifically where you want to live, you can control the tidiness of your own home, you need to pay less maintenance and service fees, you can use your house as a social area without having to worry so much about other residents in the nearby area, and prices don't change for rent. Disadvantages are the interest on mortgages, cost of the entire area and renovation and the availability of land space and the cost of the land itself

Urban Renew and Decay

Aesthetics - The appreciation of, and sensitivity towards, works of art, designs, products, objects or artifacts. An example is the aesthetics of a building. This example relates to the word as people's feelings and mindset change around the relative looks of a building, inside and outside. If its a warm, colorful and well presented building, people will feel more at home and more comfortable. If its a run-down, rotting building, people will be anxious and uncomfortable

Safety - The condition of being protected against physical, social, spiritual, financial, political, emotional, occupational, psychological, educational or other types or consequences. An example is OH&S regulations. OH&S regulations ensure the wellbeing of a person in the outdoors or the workplace. This relates to safety as the person would be safe from most types of harm, especially physical

Slums - A district of a city marked by poverty and inferior living conditions. An example is a third world area or overpopulated city such as Mumbai. Mumbai's living conditions include 55% of people living in a slum within a 6% area of Mumbai's living space. Slum growth rate is much higher than urban growth.

Decay - The organic phenomenon of rotting. A badly maintained house is an example of decay. This relates to the word as a house that isn't maintained properly would have termites, fungus, collapsing supports and items. This would be uncomfortable for the resident

Reconstruction and renewal - Turning an area to become hospitable or able to be cultivated. A slum would be an example as it would have to be renewed of its waste, decay and poor living conditions to be made properly hospitable and cultivated.

Transport - Moving something or somebody around from one place to the other. An example is public transport. This allows people to catch buses, ferries or trains to get from one place to another easily

Suburbanization - A term used to describe the growth of areas on the fringes of major cities. It is one of the many causes of the increase in urban sprawl. An example is Surry Hills, where the growth of population in that area has increased greatly over the years. In this case, there was no urban sprawl and the area has been increased in value and average income of each resident

Environmental Factors - Factors in the environment that may have an effect on our development or growth eg diet, atmospheric pollutants, cigarette smoke, preservatives, X-rays. These are linked as they would change the way people would consider about living or going to an area. E.g. Going to King's Cross at night or going to Hornsby is clear example as many people would rather Hornsby because of King's Cross' reputation.

Light and Sound - Factors which are technically environmental as they affect the outlook of an area greatly. An example is urbanization and developing of technology. As technology and vehicles such as trains are introduced or used more often, would create much more sound than a regular area with no trains. Light would be a factor as lighting or the brightness (sunlight) of an area would affect people's moods and feelings about that particular place

7.8 Stuarts Point Revegetation

1) Stuarts Point located on the Mid-North Coast of NSW. 5 kilometers long with a width varying between 200 - 400 metres. Covers an area of 80 hectares and separates the beach from the Macleay River
2) 1893 - Cattle grazing destroys fragile vegetation due to a large flood
1893 - Three more ocean breaches occur on different occasions due to storms
May 1965 - Advice on the vegetation planting is given to the progress association
August 1965 - More cattle grazing destroys attempts at revegetation in the area
1970 - Revegetation is successful which therefore creates the stabilization of sand dunes
1972 - Controlling access to the sand dunes is granted
3) The local community plays a large part in the revegetation of Stuarts Point as they help revegetate by growing near plants aswell as staying away from them so they can't trample them. Also, the can now stop cattle grazing by building fence sand other things to help the sand dunes
4) The people of Stuart's Point are interested and motivated in stabilizing the sand dunes as their income depends on the fishing and tourism industry that motivates foreigners from Australia and overseas to fish at Stuart's Point. Also, many expensive homes are located around the sand dunes and losing them would be millions of dollars lost in property. So losing the sand dunes would impact very much on the locals lost the sand dunes
5) The natural vegetation succession used three dune areas, the Primary (Incipient) , Secondary (Fore) and Tertiary (Hind) Species which all had different types of plants. The Primary dune had grasses and creepers, Secondary had shrubs and short living trees and Tertiary species had long living trees
6) Vegetation is important in stabilizing sand dunes because plants make the sand rigid and allows it to stop water from washing away the plants
7) Cattle grazing destroyed the fragile vegetation on the Incipient dune by either being trampled or eaten whilst the plants were vulnerable
8) The changes to the sand dune area would be that the sand dune would become barren because of constant cattle grazing. There would be no sand dunes because all the sand would of the process of wind deposition which would move sand else where which would create an unprotected sand dune
9) The groups involved in the rehabilitation program were Stuarts Point Association, the Soil Conservation Service of NSW, the locals at Stuarts Point, Department of Land, Department of Public Works and the Macleay Shire Council
10) The first stage in creating a stable coastal vegetated area is to use a tractor to create a foredune, and when this is done, a dune-forming sense is built. Next, Marram grass and coastal spinifex is grown to stabilize the dune. The second stage is to plant trees along the riverbank to stabilize the area. Seedlings native to the area are grown between the riverbank and the fore dune, then rapid growing wattles were then planted just before tertiary vegetation was grown to stabilize the entire dune.
12) Longshore drift and therefore deposition and transportation would've been the reason the river mouth silted up. After many years without prevention, the sand deposited would've completely closed off the river mouth.
13) A) The stabilization of the sand dunes was a success and the sand located in the area rarely moves
B) The Macleay River ecosystem was changed and animals had new habitats and living areas after revegetation but the Bitou Bush is now spreading rapidly and controlling the dunes vegetation
C) This has benefited groups as the fishing and tourism industries has stayed with a positive income aswell as the expensive waterfront homes have been saved.
14)

7.6 Tweed River Entrance Sand Bypassing Project

1) It became necessary to extend the Tweed River breakwaters because the continual build of sand on the southern side caused the river mouth to silt up again, which meant the entrance wasn't safe to use
2) There wouldn't be any sand to be collected for beach nourishment for the Gold Coast Beaches as there would've been before the breakwaters created as there would be less of a sand buildup. Also, after a severe storm, more sand would be built up along the Southern side of the Tweed River would be a lot more trucking of sand into the Gold Coast which would cost a lot more
3) Due to sandbars constantly forming along the entrance to the Tweed River, ships couldn't enter the River because they would run aground. The natural process is called longshore drift
4) Dredging of the Tweed River was a short term goal as it didn't last long as more and more sand continuously built up and the cost of having to dredge it all out was extremely expensive as it had to be done regularly
5) TRESBP replaced natural longshore drift by shifting the built up sand onto other beaches through pipes so that the sand would nourish other beaches and outlets inside of letting the sand and silt building up on the Tweed River
6) The TRESBP was one of the most successful coastal management schemes because it managed to remove the sand and silt build up on the Tweed River and removed it safely without causing harm to the environment, to other outlets such as West and East Snapper Rocks aswell as dredging to the Gold Coast. It also costs a lot less than constantly dredging to the Gold Coast via massive trucks.
7)
8) Since 1962, the breakwaters at the Tweed River have constantly got larger and larger to prevent the buildup of sand aswell as the money needed to extend breakwaters and maintain the River Entrance.
9) The lengths of breakwaters are roughly 250 metres on the North entrance and 25 metres on the South entrance

The Science of Big Waves

1) Waves are formed by the action of the wind blowing across the ocean. They start when wind ripples and these form wavelets and finally waves when the wavelets combine together.
2) The surfers should know about the wave heights, reefs, wave length, how they break and their intensity before they attempt surfing in that 'area' as they would then know about how to surf and how dangerous or safe it is

Video Questions
1) Most waves seen in the video are Mavericks which are created by the Wave Factory pushing waves together from a WNW direction which causes the waves to have a small rise and when they get closer to the shore, the waves are refracted into converging waves which become quite large when the waves hit the launching pad which are a group of rocks that intensify wave energy. The other waves seen are the ones near the Alaska Pole which are small but are numerous and these help create larger waves like the Maverick. The waves break when they lose energy and when the wave peak travels faster than the wave base and the waves break along with the energy they contain
2) Waves are formed by wind blowing across the ocean, especially in areas closer to the Poles, such as Alaska. This helps create a large multitude of waves that sometimes when the weather climates are correct, corrects small or massive waves. The wave is created from natural wind energy where the wave's energy carries the wind energy with it all the way towards shore
3) The big wave (Maverick) is a huge 25 metre + set of wave(s) that appear and are created by the storms and winds from the Alaska Pole that is nicknamed the Wave Factory. The way they're formed is special because the wave becomes so big and lasts for about 20 seconds because the wave factory has pushed many waves together as this is the only place around the world where this happens.
4) Energy is stored when the wave grows, the energy transfers when it hits the ocean floor and bounces back up and makes the wave grow upwards that makes the waves bigger and 'spins' the particles as slowly goes down to the ocean floor and then back upwards.
5) If you go to catch a big wave, you should apparently run in and grab the wave before it crashes downwards on you and you fall

Big Wave Portfolio - Dungeons Cape Town, South Africa

Big Wave Portfolio - Dungeons Cape Town, South Africa

Dungeons is located in Hout Bay, South Africa near Cape Town and is not the easiest place to surf as there is either a trek across an entire mountain to get there or a direct boat ride to the break.
Dungeons is a deep reef break with three sections off the main break and also holds the Red Bull Wave Africa competition for the most fearless surfers.

The first main section is known as the slab; this is where you will most likely see people surfing when the surf isn’t too big. It has a great barrel section and a supposedly intense take-off spot. The next section to be familiar with is the two-point-five section, named after the two and a half meters of water between the surfer and what lies beneath. The last spot is known as Washburn’s Peak. This is where the bigger sets tend to roll in, but not very frequently but with waves that reach up to 20 metres and a good day and 6-15 metres on most days.













The waves are usually massive because of the pressure systems at the Antarctic Circle. South Atlantic Ocean which directs its wave energy at Dungeons. Dungeons is the first sea floor that the ocean swells encounter which causes huge breaking waves.















The waves may be huge but surfers must contend with the super cold water which results in most surfers wearing thermo pads underneath their wetsuits. As well as the water, there are a few sharks that lurk around near Dungeons.

Summarising the TRESB Project

1) The problem with the Tweed River is that sand and silt continuously built up on the southern side of the River. The buildup was caused by the four nearby outlets which under went the process of longshore drift which moved all sand to the Southern Side of the River. This caused problems for cargo ships trying to enter as it was very unsafe because of sand bars forming over the mouth of the River. The government tried to extend the breakwaters three times in 1962, 1969 and 1994 but after a short time period, this failed and a new solution had to be constructed.
2) The solution to this problem was eventually to create massive pipes that would dump the sand to four various Outlets nearby. This only happened recently after the extension of breakwaters failed and sand built up at the entrance again therefore recreating a artificial longshore drift process. Also, it replace trucks taking sand up to the Gold Coast for beach nourishment as this process was expensive and time consuming.

3) The TRESB Project was a great success as it solved the problem of sand buildup at the TRE which allowed the safe entrance for cargo ships. The areas affected were the Tweed River, the residents living close to the Tweed River, the East and West Snapper, Kirra and Duranbah Outlets and the Gold Coast as they were now undergoing a process of beach nourishment which made them better for tourists and swimmers/surfers. This is also named as a success as it is classified as one of Australia's most successful coastal management development completed.

7.6 Tweed River Entrance Sand Bypassing Project

1) It became necessary to extend the Tweed River breakwaters because the continual build of sand on the southern side caused the river mouth to silt up again, which meant the entrance wasn't safe to use
2) There wouldn't be any sand to be collected for beach nourishment for the Gold Coast Beaches as there would've been before the breakwaters created as there would be less of a sand buildup. Also, after a severe storm, more sand would be built up along the Southern side of the Tweed River would be a lot more trucking of sand into the Gold Coast which would cost a lot more
3) Due to sandbars constantly forming along the entrance to the Tweed River, ships couldn't enter the River because they would run aground. The natural process is called longshore drift
4) Dredging of the Tweed River was a short term goal as it didn't last long as more and more sand continuously built up and the cost of having to dredge it all out was extremely expensive as it had to be done regularly
5) TRESBP replaced natural longshore drift by shifting the built up sand onto other beaches through pipes so that the sand would nourish other beaches and outlets inside of letting the sand and silt building up on the Tweed River
6) The TRESBP was one of the most successful coastal management schemes because it managed to remove the sand and silt build up on the Tweed River and removed it safely without causing harm to the environment, to other outlets such as West and East Snapper Rocks aswell as dredging to the Gold Coast. It also costs a lot less than constantly dredging to the Gold Coast via massive trucks.
7)
8) Since 1962, the breakwaters at the Tweed River have constantly got larger and larger to prevent the buildup of sand aswell as the money needed to extend breakwaters and maintain the River Entrance.
9) The lengths of breakwaters are roughly 250 metres on the North entrance and 25 metres on the South entrance

Big Wave Portfolio - Dungeons Cape Town, South Africa

Dungeons is located in Hout Bay, South Africa near Cape Town and is not the easiest place to surf as there is either a trek across an entire mountain to get there or a direct boat ride to the break.
Dungeons is a deep reef break with three sections off the main break and also holds the Red Bull Wave Africa competition for the most fearless surfers.

The first main section is known as the slab; this is where you will most likely see people surfing when the surf isn’t too big. It has a great barrel section and a supposedly intense take-off spot. The next section to be familiar with is the two-point-five section, named after the two and a half meters of water between the surfer and what lies beneath. The last spot is known as Washburn’s Peak. This is where the bigger sets tend to roll in, but not very frequently but with waves that reach up to 20 metres and a good day and 6-15 metres on most days.













The waves are usually massive because of the pressure systems at the Antarctic Circle. South Atlantic Ocean which directs its wave energy at Dungeons. Dungeons is the first sea floor that the ocean swells encounter which causes huge breaking waves.















The waves may be huge but surfers must contend with the super cold water which results in most surfers wearing thermo pads underneath their wetsuits. As well as the water, there are a few sharks that lurk around near Dungeons.

Year 10 Monday 21/2: The Science of Big Waves

1) Waves are formed by the action of the wind blowing across the ocean. They start when wind ripples and these form wavelets and finally waves when the wavelets combine together.
2) The surfers should know about the wave heights, reefs, wave length, how they break and their intensity before they attempt surfing in that 'area' as they would then know about how to surf and how dangerous or safe it is

Video Questions
1) Most waves seen in the video are Mavericks which are created by the Wave Factory pushing waves together from a WNW direction which causes the waves to have a small rise and when they get closer to the shore, the waves are refracted into converging waves which become quite large when the waves hit the launching pad which are a group of rocks that intensify wave energy. The other waves seen are the ones near the Alaska Pole which are small but are numerous and these help create larger waves like the Maverick. The waves break when they lose energy and when the wave peak travels faster than the wave base and the waves break along with the energy they contain
2) Waves are formed by wind blowing across the ocean, especially in areas closer to the Poles, such as Alaska. This helps create a large multitude of waves that sometimes when the weather climates are correct, corrects small or massive waves. The wave is created from natural wind energy where the wave's energy carries the wind energy with it all the way towards shore
3) The big wave (Maverick) is a huge 25 metre + set of wave(s) that appear and are created by the storms and winds from the Alaska Pole that is nicknamed the Wave Factory. The way they're formed is special because the wave becomes so big and lasts for about 20 seconds because the wave factory has pushed many waves together as this is the only place around the world where this happens.
4) Energy is stored when the wave grows, the energy transfers when it hits the ocean floor and bounces back up and makes the wave grow upwards that makes the waves bigger and 'spins' the particles as slowly goes down to the ocean floor and then back upwards.
5) If you go to catch a big wave, you should apparently run in and grab the wave before it crashes downwards on you and you fall

7.5 Coastal Management Questions

7) 250 metres on the ground

8) 10 metres

9a) 250m
b) 2.25km
c) 50m
d) 380m
e) 15 minutes
10) The lighthouse at Danger Point
11) Westerly Aspect
12 ~ 12m
13a) Road
b) Bridge
c) Road/beach
d) Raceway/highway
e) Caravan Park
f) Roads and buildings
14a) Boyds Island
b) Terranora Inlet
c) Ocean/Beach
d) Mount Murraba
e) Sandy Island
f) South Head
15) 519843
16) The building density is minimal at AR 5483 as it is mostly just road and probably sightseeing areas
17) AR 5282 would have more buildings per square kilometre as there are more streets which would mean more houses than AR 5281 which is mostly comprised of Terranora Creek and a few islands
18a) N30W
b) S70E
c) S30E
d) N50E

7.3 Geographical Processes Shaping the Coastal Environment

7.2 Waves - Water on the Move

Coastal Management Questions 7.1

1. Describe how the settlement pattern of Australia is related to issues in the coastal environment?
The settlement pattern of Australia is generally related to the problems on the coast such as erosion and weather patterns. As over 80% of the population lives within 50 kilometers of the coast, the population density has increased although they are also slowly trying to fix issues on the coast
2. Most people would like to reserve the coast and its features for future generations, therefore, a sustainable development that will allow the preservation of a coastal area for awhile
3. The two trends named as sea change is unemployment due to coastal problems or global warming
4. Government attempts to limit 'sea change' is to limit future population growth, as there is not enough water to supply the population as it rises
5. Coastal Erosion, Wave Erosion, Long Shore Currents and Human Erosion are four geographical issues facing the coast. Coastal Erosion is created naturally through nature as is wave erosion and long shore currents. Human erosion is caused through the building of infrastructure in areas near or in the coast as well as the gasses/fumes humans produce which have an effect on the weather causing more natural erosion
6. Geographers set the future for the saving of coastal areas with their plans and developing coastal management ideas for coastal issues. They also are relied upon for paving the way for further research on natural and human impacts on the coast

7. http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.shorebirdworld.org/fromthefield/Images/coastal%2520development.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.angelfire.com/blues/writing/environmentupdate.html&usg=__-ytE9pUs-aktYSk_Xtyp4OPR-iM=&h=800&w=1200&sz=77&hl=en&start=0&sig2=-fCucOreG73nOh7HhMZALA&zoom=1&tbnid=cIl9ZpmjZzHyfM:&tbnh=133&tbnw=163&ei=sJdPTdWmH8eVcZO7hM4L&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dinappropriate%2Bcoastal%2Bdevelopment%26hl%3Den%26biw%3D1408%26bih%3D702%26gbv%3D2%26tbs%3Disch:1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=651&vpy=82&dur=1159&hovh=183&hovw=275&tx=134&ty=82&oei=sJdPTdWmH8eVcZO7hM4L&esq=1&page=1&ndsp=26&ved=1t:429,r:3,s:0

In this photo, development could be fixed by not letting further population increases and it would slowly devour and sink most of these 'islands' which are already mostly submerged or have disappeared because of human impacts on the coast