Tuesday Period 4 Questions - North Korea

1) Kevin Rudd, former Australian prime minister now has the title of foreign minister
2) Kevin Rudd's concern is the Taepodong-2 Long Range missile being built in North Korea which presents a great threat to the nearby global community. His other concerns are that North Korea is deluding itself into thinking that other countries have been trying successfully to destabilize the country.
3) Kevin Rudd as Australia's representative was present at the ASEAN forum
4) Recently, North Korea has shelled South Korean homes over the border, torpedoed a South Korean frigate and defied two United Nations security council resolutions by continuing their enriched uranium program which is the creation of the Taepodong - 2 Long Range nuclear missile. They also believe that other countries have been sabotaging the stability of the country.
5) The direct threat, being the Taepodong - 2 Missile, is a problem for Australia as it presents a security issue as a missile that could easily level an entire city, with such large amounts of funds and technology being put into the building of the missile, which has taken over a decade, and still is not complete.
6) By calling out the North Korean counterpart, Mr Pak, in public, he aims to stabilize diplomatic relations between other ASEAN countries to warn them of the obvious North Korean aggression and its threat towards other countries. It affects Australia's relationship with North Korea in a negative way but improves the relationship with other countries as it represents Australia being a security force and trying to maintain peace. Australia's role is to maintain the peace and try to ensure no war breaks out.
7) Australia plays a big role in international relations especially with the ASEAN members and the United States as it has a good enough army to be able to maintain some peace around the world. I also think that Australia is trying to impress the USA for diplomatic reasons to ensure our safety.

Foreign Aid Review

• By 2015 Australia will be spending 8 billion dollars on foreign aid
  
• Rich countries around the world are leaning towards the trend of spending money on helping poorer or third world countries
• The amount of money spent on foreign aid is being doubled roughly every 5 years
• Nobody knows why countries are spending so much on foreign aid whether its a cause of good morals or if the money is actually being wasted as it isn't allocated correctly
• A billion people around the world are living on $1.25 US or less
• Only 7% of Australian foreign aid goes to correct allocation (natural disasters etc)
  
• Poverty is being overcome, from 54% of the world in 1981 to 25% in 2005. This will be furthered cut down in 2015 to only 15% of the world living in poverty
• Since 1990, China has stopped half a billion people from living in poverty
• Australia spends the most amount of its foreign aid money on Papua New Guinea
• If poverty is being overcome so quickly, why are countries like Australia spending more and more on foreign aid
• Poverty is being overcome by economic growth, not foreign aid
• Many Australians and Americans are attached to the idea that poorer countries like Indonesia are to poor to sustain themselves
  
• A vast majority of the Western world are in deep denial about third world or poor countries becoming economically stronger
  
• Charity is an assertion of power
• Indonesia's GDP is now significantly higher than Australia's
• Many current or former powerful countries are now becoming more even with rapidly developing countries
• Poor countries development depend on social and political circumstances to grow so as they become better, their economy becomes stronger
• Many acts of charity are actually racist, e.g. Howard's plan to develop non-Islamic schools in Indonesia to combat the fear of terrorism

Personally, I think Australia is giving more foreign aid as an act of good intention not to assert their power. For example Australia was extremely quick to lend aid to Indonesia after the tsunami that occurred in 2004 to try and help the lives of many people. On the other hand, acts of power such as John Howard's plan to build non-Islamic schools in Indonesia to prevent terrorism as it is an obvious act of asserting Australia's power to try and protect 'ourselves'. Australia needs to spend more money on its own infrastructure rather than giving handouts on other countries as our government tries to improve relations between us and other countries aswell as trying to impress the U.S.A. The benefits of increasing poverty are only improving relations between us and other countries

Mapping

1) The high pressure systems will stop rain and maintain sunny/cloudy weather whilst moving south-west
2) Sydney - 1024, 1020, 1016, 1016
Adelaide - 1030, 1027, 1020, 1020
Brisbane - 1020, 1020, 1016, 1017
Hobart - 1024, 1027, 1016, 1024
Darwin - 1012, 1012, 1012, 1008
Perth - 1024, 1024, 1024, 1016
Canberra - 1024, 1027, 1016, 1016
Melbourne - 1026, 1027, 1018, 1018
1) The contour interval is 6 metres or 20 feet
2) 2cm = 1 mile or 2cm = 1.6 kilometers
3) Line = 3200 metres , 36m/3200
Gradient = .01125 metres

Urban Sprawl or Consolidation: Jordan Springs

1) This is an example of Urban Sprawl because its the expansion of borders and a new suburb near Penrith as it isn't the renovation/renewal of a existing suburb/city but a enlargement of living space for people to become residents of.
2) I think the construction of the town Jordan Springs is actually has a negative effect on the surrounding community for a number of reasons. For example, some people, especially some Aborigine Tribes have complained that their heritage land is being stripped from them forcefully and impacting on their own living space that they have held for thousands of years. Other people have complained because it is depleting the natural beauty of the original woodland and lakes with the building of a town to create a funner 'community' aswell as more jobs and living space. There would be long term advantages in maintaining and preserving the Cumberland Plain Woodland that is the main focal opinion of many people. The creation of Jordan Springs also destroys habitats of animals, this point has probably not even been considered by the government and the removal of these habitats may cause a sudden drop in the population of certain species. For Sydney, the only advantage is that it would create more living space for people. The main disadvantage is the non-conservation of the woodland because if you kept the trees rather than remove them, you would allow CO2 levels to stay lower, rather than increase as there are less trees and more emission creating buildings and vehicles. For Australia, Jordan Springs can also be used as a center for asylum seekers or new (legal) residents rather than having to create more houses in already populated areas. There are many disadvantages such as the rise in pollution levels which Australia doesn't need. Also there is the serious possibility of nobody wanting to move in to Jordan Springs with only temporary jobs in construction and no definite jobs in any other service.

Urban Planning and Development Page 213

1) Urban Sprawl is the spreading outwards of a city and its suburbs to its outskirts to low-density, auto-dependent development on rural land, with associated design features that encourage car dependency.
2) Urban Consolidation is the increase of dwelling densities within established areas over and above that which is already there through infill or redevelopment of existing buildings.
3) A highly urbanized country means its has a high population density, a high proportion of the population working in manufacturing and/or professional or service-related industries. High urbanized countries are also centres of business, trade, tourism, entertainment and finance.
4) The statistics that suggest Australia is high urbanized are that it has over 65% of its population in its capital cities, the availability of flat land and coastal locations are encouraging people to move into those capital cities. The United Nations has also successfully estimated that 92% of Australians live in an urbanized area.
5) The fact that each capital cities location are linked to coastal locations, historical values, transport advantages and a favorable climate aswell as availability of flat ground for building development
6) Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume. It is frequently applied to living organisms, and particularly to humans. This is related to urban sprawl as the larger a population is, the more suburbs are created in a city to expand outwards to fit the amount of people in comfortably. The problem with this is the cost of infrastructure and supplies needed to build these new areas and the removal of nature.
7) Australian cities have very low population density in comparison to other cities such as Mumbai and Cairo. There has been a recent shift in Australians wanting to live in small houses and apartments rather than in detached houses. Unlike other countries, Australia's available land to be expanded upon, its quite large compared to London or Paris.
8) Urban consolidation is able to provide a new suburb with the latest technology and equipment needed to allow its population to live comfortably aswell as not having to expand so quickly outwards. The main factor of urban consolidation over urban sprawl is that it allows the population to use features such as public transport, electricity and water supplies can be used more intensely
9) Urban planners have managed to innovate new designs for apartments and new estates to manage the problem of population growth in cities. They have been able to create apartments and estates that are smaller but more comfortable for the person/people living inside.
10A) Melbourne
B) It is measured in the number of people living per square kilometre
C) Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Wollongong, Perth, Gold Coast, Newcastle, Canberra, Gosford and Brisbane
D) 80% of Australia's largest 10 cities have more than 1000 people living in a square kilometre
11) Some of the opinions of the detached housing residents would be that the construction of apartments takes too long or that its prices make a suburbs total value decrease. The impacts would be that current residents would be disturbed be construction workers, sound(s) and possible obstructions and time delays on roads and transport.
12) The advantages of living in a detached estate would be that you can choose more specifically where you want to live, you can control the tidiness of your own home, you need to pay less maintenance and service fees, you can use your house as a social area without having to worry so much about other residents in the nearby area, and prices don't change for rent. Disadvantages are the interest on mortgages, cost of the entire area and renovation and the availability of land space and the cost of the land itself

Urban Renew and Decay

Aesthetics - The appreciation of, and sensitivity towards, works of art, designs, products, objects or artifacts. An example is the aesthetics of a building. This example relates to the word as people's feelings and mindset change around the relative looks of a building, inside and outside. If its a warm, colorful and well presented building, people will feel more at home and more comfortable. If its a run-down, rotting building, people will be anxious and uncomfortable

Safety - The condition of being protected against physical, social, spiritual, financial, political, emotional, occupational, psychological, educational or other types or consequences. An example is OH&S regulations. OH&S regulations ensure the wellbeing of a person in the outdoors or the workplace. This relates to safety as the person would be safe from most types of harm, especially physical

Slums - A district of a city marked by poverty and inferior living conditions. An example is a third world area or overpopulated city such as Mumbai. Mumbai's living conditions include 55% of people living in a slum within a 6% area of Mumbai's living space. Slum growth rate is much higher than urban growth.

Decay - The organic phenomenon of rotting. A badly maintained house is an example of decay. This relates to the word as a house that isn't maintained properly would have termites, fungus, collapsing supports and items. This would be uncomfortable for the resident

Reconstruction and renewal - Turning an area to become hospitable or able to be cultivated. A slum would be an example as it would have to be renewed of its waste, decay and poor living conditions to be made properly hospitable and cultivated.

Transport - Moving something or somebody around from one place to the other. An example is public transport. This allows people to catch buses, ferries or trains to get from one place to another easily

Suburbanization - A term used to describe the growth of areas on the fringes of major cities. It is one of the many causes of the increase in urban sprawl. An example is Surry Hills, where the growth of population in that area has increased greatly over the years. In this case, there was no urban sprawl and the area has been increased in value and average income of each resident

Environmental Factors - Factors in the environment that may have an effect on our development or growth eg diet, atmospheric pollutants, cigarette smoke, preservatives, X-rays. These are linked as they would change the way people would consider about living or going to an area. E.g. Going to King's Cross at night or going to Hornsby is clear example as many people would rather Hornsby because of King's Cross' reputation.

Light and Sound - Factors which are technically environmental as they affect the outlook of an area greatly. An example is urbanization and developing of technology. As technology and vehicles such as trains are introduced or used more often, would create much more sound than a regular area with no trains. Light would be a factor as lighting or the brightness (sunlight) of an area would affect people's moods and feelings about that particular place

7.8 Stuarts Point Revegetation

1) Stuarts Point located on the Mid-North Coast of NSW. 5 kilometers long with a width varying between 200 - 400 metres. Covers an area of 80 hectares and separates the beach from the Macleay River
2) 1893 - Cattle grazing destroys fragile vegetation due to a large flood
1893 - Three more ocean breaches occur on different occasions due to storms
May 1965 - Advice on the vegetation planting is given to the progress association
August 1965 - More cattle grazing destroys attempts at revegetation in the area
1970 - Revegetation is successful which therefore creates the stabilization of sand dunes
1972 - Controlling access to the sand dunes is granted
3) The local community plays a large part in the revegetation of Stuarts Point as they help revegetate by growing near plants aswell as staying away from them so they can't trample them. Also, the can now stop cattle grazing by building fence sand other things to help the sand dunes
4) The people of Stuart's Point are interested and motivated in stabilizing the sand dunes as their income depends on the fishing and tourism industry that motivates foreigners from Australia and overseas to fish at Stuart's Point. Also, many expensive homes are located around the sand dunes and losing them would be millions of dollars lost in property. So losing the sand dunes would impact very much on the locals lost the sand dunes
5) The natural vegetation succession used three dune areas, the Primary (Incipient) , Secondary (Fore) and Tertiary (Hind) Species which all had different types of plants. The Primary dune had grasses and creepers, Secondary had shrubs and short living trees and Tertiary species had long living trees
6) Vegetation is important in stabilizing sand dunes because plants make the sand rigid and allows it to stop water from washing away the plants
7) Cattle grazing destroyed the fragile vegetation on the Incipient dune by either being trampled or eaten whilst the plants were vulnerable
8) The changes to the sand dune area would be that the sand dune would become barren because of constant cattle grazing. There would be no sand dunes because all the sand would of the process of wind deposition which would move sand else where which would create an unprotected sand dune
9) The groups involved in the rehabilitation program were Stuarts Point Association, the Soil Conservation Service of NSW, the locals at Stuarts Point, Department of Land, Department of Public Works and the Macleay Shire Council
10) The first stage in creating a stable coastal vegetated area is to use a tractor to create a foredune, and when this is done, a dune-forming sense is built. Next, Marram grass and coastal spinifex is grown to stabilize the dune. The second stage is to plant trees along the riverbank to stabilize the area. Seedlings native to the area are grown between the riverbank and the fore dune, then rapid growing wattles were then planted just before tertiary vegetation was grown to stabilize the entire dune.
12) Longshore drift and therefore deposition and transportation would've been the reason the river mouth silted up. After many years without prevention, the sand deposited would've completely closed off the river mouth.
13) A) The stabilization of the sand dunes was a success and the sand located in the area rarely moves
B) The Macleay River ecosystem was changed and animals had new habitats and living areas after revegetation but the Bitou Bush is now spreading rapidly and controlling the dunes vegetation
C) This has benefited groups as the fishing and tourism industries has stayed with a positive income aswell as the expensive waterfront homes have been saved.
14)